Dominican Baseball - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1483 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/04/02 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Baseball Essay Did you like this example? Globalization has been instrumental in the growth of sports. As everyone knows sports are global and are a part of many different cultures. This can be seen more with baseball than any other sport, especially Latin and American countries. The major league baseball (MLB) pulls many different players from around those countries but also all over the world ranging from Japan to Ireland. While many countries are represented in the MLB there is one place that is known as a talent pipeline for baseball players. That place is called the Dominican Republic, a Caribbean country beside Haiti. Alan Klein discusses the changes and relationship between the MLB and the Dominican Republic throughout his book Dominican Baseball: New Pride, Old Prejudice. Throughout the book, Klein discusses the differences and battles of the MLB and the Dominican baseball players. There is a power struggle between the power that the MLB holds and the poor Dominican baseball players. Klein does research on the MLB and Dominican players through personal knowledge, interviews and research on mass media. This book review will examine how the book portrays the MLB within the Dominican and how this is only one way to understand the relationship between the two. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Dominican Baseball" essay for you Create order Old Prejudice Klein uses a process called the global commodity chain (GCC), which exploits resources and produces them to consumers. He uses the process to show how the MLB exploits the Dominican players because they have nothing else on the Island. The MLB is exploiting these players because they can get them for cheap and get a higher rate of return on their investment. In the Dominican, guys either play baseball and get a way out or they start working in the cannery. Since the MLB knows this they can offer baseball as a way out and let them take the chance for themselves without being help responsible. The league can say that they are doing the country good by bringing in jobs and good to the community. Klein (2014) states the player is both the goal and means of production (p. 30), which again shows that baseball is their only way out. Each MLB team offers an academy for prospects to define their baseball skills and give them educational needs. Academies Throughout the book, Klein discusses the baseball academies and has proficient knowledge on the matter. He discusses not only the academies themselves but how they search for talent, how they benefit both the player and the team and how they are structured. Because of this, Klein has a strong argument on his understanding of the academies making it a strength of the book. The academies are there for the MLB to scout for new and rising players in the Dominican. They offer many resources to the adolescents that they would not have otherwise. The academies allow the players to continue playing baseball while still furthering their education. Klein goes into depth about the players and how the academies help their baseball future while also helping with their personal lives. These Dominican players see baseball as a way out and are willing to sacrifice everything to get there. The MLB sees these academies as a way to enhance their odds with the best talent out there (Klein, 2014, p. 38). One can see that through this book and through a documentary, Baseball: Pelotero. The players go through tremendous tryouts to make it onto an academy team. The relationship between the MLB and Dominican players is all about money and Klein starts to show a bias throughout the book. He shows a bias against the MLB and the corruption they are a part of. The Dominican players are using the MLB as labor migration, which gives the players economic factors and the desire and search for professional opportunities. Americans and the MLB see the academies and themselves as a good thing because it gives the players an opportunity to leave and capitalize on their talent. Klein sees it as exploitation because while being there and researching he saw the things that went on and difficulties these young players go through. The Buscones The buscones play a major role in the Dominican baseball players worlds. Klein discusses the relationship between the MLB and buscones right after he discusses the academies because they go hand in hand. One would think that since the buscones and MLB work closely together that they would like one another. That is completely not the case and is made clear in the book. In the book, Klein interviews many buscones to show the importance of them but still shows a bias towards the MLB. He states that the buscones are responsible for the players and how they play to the day they try out and sign professionally. The reason behind it all, of course money. Klein (2014) states that buscones had evolved into the multifaceted institution that finds players, contracts with them, develops them, houses and feeds them, secures tryouts, and plays a role in negotiations with teams (p. 73). Buscones pour more time and energy into these adolescents than anyone else. Baseball is usually the adolescents full time job and they are with the buscones for over forty hours a week. Klein discusses how the work that the buscones do should make them loved but that America sees them as evil and exploiters. He tries to state that the exploiters are in reality the MLB. The MLB uses the academies to exploit their adolescent players and offer them many things such as a potential offer and a further education. The odds are against the players making it professionally and if they do not sign with a team on July 2 by the time they are 16 and a half then their worth drops drastically. Also, if they do not sign with a team the academy can drop them and with that the player stops playing baseball and loses their education. With the buscones, they are responsible financially for the adolescent and in the book, looks like they have their best interests. Klein tries to make a point that buscones do make a profit off a player but only if they get a signing bonus or what the player and buscone had in agreement. Money The MLB, buscones and Dominican players are all after one thing, the biggest profit. The MLB uses the talent pipeline of baseball players in the Dominican Republic for their benefit. In the end, the MLB is a corporation and the job of a corporation is to make money. They see those adolescents as an investment with a high return on their money. The players are a vast majority in the MLB as the Latin country. Buscones are in it for the money as well. They take care of the prospect by coaching them, housing, feeding, and making sure they receive the attention they deserve. They do this as a benefit for the player but also themselves. They get a percentage of the signing bonus or some sort of cut that the player gets. They do it for a return on their investment as well. If a player does not make it then the buscone just does not make money. The player is in it for money as well. Making it professionally is the players way out of the Dominican Republic and with that comes money. They are able to be financially well off and usually in return help their family and give them what they deserve. Conclusion Throughout the book Klein discusses the relationship between the MLB and the Dominican Republic. With his knowledge, research and interviews he makes strong arguments that discuss how the MLB exploits the Dominican players. There is an overall bias tone towards the MLB which after reading the book and watching the documentary I understand. So many adolescents are putting their future into many hands and have no control over the outcomes. Seeing how the MLB acts makes me realize that the company does seem to exploit those adolescents. Watching the documentary was shocking and made me re-evaluate how things are handled just because they are a large company. I had always known that companies such as the MLB, NFL and NBA are all about money but I did not realize to what extent. I also never really paid attention to the amount of Dominican Republic players the MLB has. I do not pay that much attention to baseball other than going to games with friends for the entertainment part. It amazes me that people can feel good about themselves while still exploiting adolescents just because they are from a third-world country. Overall, I enjoyed this book because it brought attention to my eyes about corruption that happens. These large companies are backed by so many people and legal ways that they can get away with. I would recommend this book to anyone who wants to learn more about the MLB and all that goes into it.

Attachment, Antisocial, And Antisocial Behavior - 1716 Words

Attachment and Antisocial Behavior in Adolescents Secure early infant attachments are imperative to a person’s life because it assists in the development of empathy and emotional self-regulation. A healthy development of empathy and emotional self-regulation promotes prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior is the deliberate action of helping and/or benefiting another person, group, or society in general without any thought of being rewarded. Securing an early infant attachment can develop an automatic response of prosocial behavior which can be applied throughout an individual’s life as he or she responds to immediate situations that may occur throughout a lifetime. Anti-social behavior is developed when a person lacks the ability to help someone because he or she fails to identify with the feelings or difficulties of someone else (Steele, Bate, Nikitiades, Buhl-Nielsen, 2015). Adolescents that display anti-social behavior are more likely to develop poor peer competence, have lower academic performance, become inv olved in adulthood criminality and are at a higher risk of developing adult mental health problems. Anti-social behavior in adolescents is expressed by the inability to respect the rights of others which leads to the violation of societal social norms. Some behavior, such as being disobedience or defiant, can be considered as normal behavior in adolescents, however it can also be a strong predictor of adjustment difficulties adolescents may face in theirShow MoreRelatedAn Attachment Theoretical Framework For Personality Disorders1532 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review and Analysis In the article titled An Attachment Theoretical Framework for Personality Disorders explores how John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth’s attachment theory provides a coherent perception of â€Å"intrapsychic and interpersonal† (2013) aspects of personality disorders, such as antisocial personality disorder. Adverse attachment is often at the root of most antisocial personality disorders. This theoretical groundwork pairs breadth and parsimony to the conceptualization of BowlbyRead MoreSocial Learning And Environmental Determinants Of Psychopathy1585 Words   |  7 Pagesdeviance/antisocial behaviors. It can be broken down into primary psychopathy and secondary psychopathy. Primary psychopathy mainly encompasses the interpersonal/affective components of psychopathy, such as superficial charm, lack of empathy, remorse or guilt, and manipulative tactics. These aspects of psychopathy are typically life-long and caused by biological deficits. Secondary psychopathy involves the so cial deviance/antisocial behaviors components of psychopathy, such as impulsive behavior, aggressionRead MoreCase Analysis : Rick Sanchez1700 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily’s wishes and financial stability, building secret bunkers underneath the home and creating an astronomical electric bill for which he does not take responsibility or compensate them for. This callous and potentially destructive behavior is synonymous with antisocial personality disorder, though Sanchez exhibits many signs of substance abuse disorder as well. By persistently using alcohol Sanchez often puts his grandson, Morty, at risk, and at times becomes threatening or violent towards him. SanchezRead MoreThe Lost Children Of Rockdale County916 Words   |  4 PagesIn the video â€Å"The Lost Children of Rockdale County† produced by Dretzin and Goodman in 1999, portrays the life of teenagers engaging in peer delinquency, sexual behavior, and drugs and alcohol consumption. The video portrays the life of Nicole a 14 year old female who had engaged in sexual behavior, delinquent activity and lived under lack pf parental supervision. The General Theory of Crime and Delinquency is defined as â€Å"Motivations for crime include reinforcements for criminal activity, exposureRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1364 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological and psycholo gical explanation of criminality is no longer considered valid because criminologists believe that environmental conditions interact with human traits and conditions to influence behavior (Siegel, 2018). Therefore, environmental factors have a greater influence on individual’s behavior due to the biosocial theory. The biosocial theory reflects the interaction between biological and social factors as they relate to crime (Siegel, 2018). Additionally, life experiences play a greaterRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder ( Adhd )1556 Words   |  7 PagesMany people believe that antisocial personality disorder is a faà §ade for criminals to receive lesser sentences by being diagnosed with a medical disorder. However, antisocial personality disorder is not just having and being a sociopathic person; it is a constant struggle. Antisocial personality disorder is a rare personality disorder with mental conditions that has short and long-term effects on a patient’s life. This literature review aims to characterize antisocial personality disorder by addressingRead MoreAntisocial Personality Disorder : The Big Five846 Words   |  4 PagesAntisocial Personality Disorder The American Psychological Association (2015) definition of personality is â€Å"differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving.† There are five broad domains of personality called the Big Five, which includes agreeableness, openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism. Each of these factors yields a cluster of characteristics called personality traits, which are a â€Å"combination of inherited characteristics and learned responses†Read More Caregivers Behavior Contributes to Offspring Behavior1143 Words   |  5 PagesCaregivers Behavior Contributes to Offspring Behavior The field of violence prediction research has advanced to the point where predictions about serious criminal violence by men who have already committed one violent offense can be made with a considerable degree of accuracy (Rice, 414). This group, although a small proportion of the population, is a group whose violence is the focus of much societal concern. Research on the nature of psychotherapy is yielding new insights into a group ofRead MoreEssay about The Sources of Self-Control1178 Words   |  5 Pagesessentially ignore the facts about â€Å"the nature of crime uncovered by empirical research† (Lilly et al., p. 122). They further state that there is a correlation between criminal behavior and negative personality traits such as alcohol, drug, and tobacco use, a disregard for traffic laws (and most laws in general), and perverted sexual behavior. On a related note, Gottfredson and Hirschi also indicate that criminals generally perform poorly in academics, as well as on the job when employed (Lilly et al., pRead MoreThe Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1319 Words   |  6 Pagesone s own behavior is necessary in order to adjust and adapt to social environmental changes. Interpersonal relationships define an individual s personality style. Consequently, human emotional and physical development relies on the interaction between the individual and their broader social environment (Baldwin, 1992). Individuals are biologically predisposed to attend to the broader social environment with a singular personality style. Research indicates that variations in behavior may be indirectly

Reflection on Creativity and Innovation †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Reflection on Creativity and Innovation. Answer: Introduction: Through, studying creativity and innovation course, I have acquired better knowledge on how to effectively use my brain in doing various things efficiently. This has been necessitated by appropriately organizing my methods of thinking creatively and innovatively (Adams, 2005). I have come to understand how the brain works. I have also understood that what I think may not always be correct since how I perceive things in the world may not be the actual reality of those things. I have also realized that paradigms, mindsets, perceptions of a person will always tend to have an effect on their behaviors or destiny (Kwek, 2011). Although, it is certain that the situations a person experiences will always portray his/her destiny, but the decision making process while tackling these situations can determine his/her destiny. Apparently, it has also been said that a persons sitting place will affect how that person sees the world. This has caused people from different positions and cultural bac kgrounds have different interpretations on issues. I was also able to learn how to use my senses in enhancing creativity (Agbor, 2008). This course assisted me to understand that difficult situations a person faces helps him /her to think extremely hard. I also learnt different models or frameworks that assist in solving organizational issues or daily situations, such as CATWOE, Kipling approach, Is-Is not framework. Other approaches are Talk streaming technique and the Grow method that help in problem-solving (Halizah Awang, 2008). I also gained persuasive skills. In persuading people, I gained principles such as; consistency, authority, social proof and reciprocation. I also came to understand that innovativeness and creativeness of a person will help improve the performance of organizations, improve on profits, help solve problems and help in competing with other businesses. Thus, it is important to note that creativity and innovation are the main concepts to adhere to in my futu re endeavors. References Adams, K. (2005). The Sources of Innovation and Creativity. Retrieved from www.fpspi.org: https://www.fpspi.org/pdf/innovcreativity.pdf Agbor, E. (2008). Creativity and Innovation: The Leadership Dynamics. Retrieved from www.regent.edu: https://www.regent.edu/acad/global/publications/jsl/vol1iss1/JSL_Vol1iss1_Agbor.pdf Halizah Awang, I. R. (2008). Creative Thinking Skill Approach Through Problem-Based Learning: Pedagogy and Practice in the Engineering Classroom . International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering , 3-6. Kwek, S. H. (2011). Innovation in the Classroom:Design Thinking for 21st Century Learning. Retrieved from web.stanford.edu: https://web.stanford.edu/group/redlab/cgi-bin/materials/Kwek-Innovation%20In%20The%20Classroom.pdf

Macroenvironment Challenges Of Swatch Group Essay Example

Macroenvironment Challenges Of Swatch Group Paper Contemporary organizations face changes everyday, including structural change and management change (Bestial Jargon 2014). Gerber (2013) discussed that change in the workplace is unavoidable and it should be embraced by the managers to ensure the transition process is smooth. The change is sometimes attributed to the general environment which defined as a relatively distant environment and it consists of elements such as technological and demographic that influent an organization indirectly (Laureate Florin, 2012). Since the environmental forces impact the organization significantly, the structural and technical change cannot be obtained with closed system (Danish, Minor, Karakas, Jabber Unwary, 2014). Along With the changes of general environment, managers roles have been changed. According to Integer (1 975), managers roles can be distinguished into ten basic roles which mainly classified under interpersonal, informational and decision roles (SICKLINESS, 2007). Since there will be constant changes in the general environment, the managers should be able to perform more roles and being more flexible (Pence, 2001 cited in ICELINKS, 2007). Swatch Group Ltd is a worldwide organization active in watching industry. It consists of 18 well-known watch brands such as Omega and Swatch and nearly all the watch components required by the brands supplied by the Group (Lorena, 2014). Besides, most of the third- party watchmakers of the world demand for its watch movements and components. Its headquartered located in Bill, Switzerland and 33590 employees work for it as of December 31, 2013. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroenvironment Challenges Of Swatch Group specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Macroenvironment Challenges Of Swatch Group specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Macroenvironment Challenges Of Swatch Group specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The purpose of writing this essay is to analyses the two general environment factors that influent the operation of Swatch Group and to discuss to which extent the work of managers would be impacted. Economic condition and technological notation are the two factors that will be discussed and the theories that will be applied are Henry Payolas Management Functions which consists of planning, organizing, controlling and leading, Roberto L. Stats Management Skills which are conceptual skills, human skills and technical skills, Payolas General Administrative Theory which consists of 14 points, as well as Henry Integers Management Roles . As Swatch Group is globalizes, it has to work with the complex and dynamic global business environment, in other terms, open system under systems approach (Anthrax Inkers, 2013). Economic condition is one of the general environments that affects the operation of the Group, for example, fluctuation of currency exchange. Since it operates its business over the globe, revenues repatriated from overseas have to convert to Swiss Franc currency. Therefore, the groups profit could be negatively affected by fluctuations of currencies against Swiss Franc like the US Dollar and the China Rene Min Bi (The Swatch Group Ltd SOOT Analysis, 2014). Throughout the first half year of 2014, 188 million Francs are shaved from the Groups gross sales because of the extremely adverse exchange rate situation (Lorena, 2014). By comparing the annual financial report of 2007 to 2014 of the Group, the gross sales increase consistently but the currency exchange rate of Swiss Francs display a very unstable rate, especially in 2011 that has an -10. 8% exchange rate. Furthermore, the group also concerns about economic recession. When there is economic recession, peoples confidence level will be lower since they have less purchasing power (Abraham, Greenness Mould, 1998). According to The Conference Board (2014) and Housing Industry Association Ltd (2014), most of the countries has achieved a peak consumer confidence level (ICP) in the year 2007 but has clines significantly since that. When people purchase less, apparently the revenue that Swatch Group can generate is lesser. Moreover, metals and plastics, as the main raw materials of a watch, are having a extremely high market prices in recent years and which ultimately leading to a high production cost and low margin of profit for Swatch Group especially Swatch since it uses plastic as the straps of watches (Essays, 2013). Conversely, when the economy is good, peoples spending on luxury range of watches will increase. For example, the gross sales of the Group have a dramatic increase n 2012 and 2013 since the ICP has recovered (Cowcatchers. Com, 2014). To raise awareness of the fluctuation of currency, top line managers of the Group performed resource locator roles by approving a significant decision which required the production line to create a plastic watch featuring with sass bank note to all the pressure groups, mainly the stakeholders (Revile, 2014). Meanwhile, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Nick Hayes showed his figurehead and spokesperson roles by suggesting that Swiss National Banks governing bank should carry out some actions to strengthen their currency Revile, 2014). During economic recession, top line managers of Swatch Group have engaged in planning by setting the strategy of concentrating on lower-end. Since the consumers will more tempted to buy products that are relatively low in price, the decision of differentiating and dividing products with a pricing strategy is made. For example, basic range like Swatch and luxury range like Omega. Different brands target on different classes by ingratiating their favor and setting an affordable price. They also engage in organizing which including market surveys that need to be constructed in order to analyses which age group they should target on and what is their common preferences. Middle line managers on the other hand should convey the accurate message of the board to the first-line managers so that they can manage the manufacturing process and the retail sales. The sales during the economic downturn period can also be stimulated by further increasing the visibility of the brands. One of the actions that the Group has taken is that they have sponsored plenty of sporting events. For instance, top line managers of the headquarters played the role of spokesperson and figurehead by signing agreement with International Olympic Committee to become Olympic Partners sponsor and official timekeeper of the game (Themselves, 2002). On the other hand, the marketing managers, as the middle line managers control and manage the details of the events. Human skills are very important for them as the corporation with other departments and the Committee are unavoidable. They should able to communicate, lead and inspire enthusiasm. Meanwhile, to ensure that the timers are functioned properly, technical skills are inevitable and the first-line mangers have to respond to any situation changes, which comply with situational approach (Magmata Susquehanna, 2009). Secondly, technological condition also influent the Groups operation. Swatch Group is challenged by schismatic, which is highly focused when Pebble launched its kick-starter campaign in 2012 (Destroyers, 2013). Although the weaknesses of smart watch like highly dependent on smartened have not been overcame, Samsung Galaxy Gear watch has dominated 78 percent of 96 million revenue gained in schismatic market of US (Roar, 2014). This promising sales figures may be a threat for Swatch Group in a long run, especially when the schismatic passes the chasm of technology by having a better functionality. Based on a market research that took a sample size of 2577 adults in US, 63% of echo boomers, who are those who aged between 18 to 35 years old has slightly interested in owning a schismatic (Shannon- Missal, 2013). Besides, since the counterfeit watches are much cheaper and kick alike as the original watch, they occupy a huge market share. What make the situation worse is the people who wants to buy original but unintentionally buy a counterfeit watch. In a long run, peoples loyalty towards the branded products will loss and brands reputations will be damaged. In response to the new era, top line managers of the Group perform their inception skills as they made a decision to corporate with Microsoft in laughing a schismatic called Paparazzi ten years ago. Although the schismatic did not bring the expected succeed, both Research and Development departments showed their proficiency in technical skills. Moreover, the PR and marketing managers are the bridge to connect both organizations and hence human skills which used to build cooperative effort become extremely important. Meanwhile, Hayes does not agree with the says that schismatic is a threat to them, instead, he is very confident that it is a hence for them to convince people who willing to wear a schismatic try on their products (Kilowatt Potter, 2014). He did played his job well in the aspect of representing the Groups information and thought to the media, whether in another term, spokesperson. Moreover, as a leader, he has motivated and gave a clear direction to the employees during the time when the employees are worried about the future of the company due to the presence of schismatic. Although the technology advance has brought many challenges to Swatch Group, it can also treated as an opportunity. Since there are people who enjoy online-shopping nowadays, a new platform, e-commerce have been introduced to reduce the chance loss. The main jobs of e-commerce developers are to ensure that the e-business of the group are operated smoothly, the users and technical documents are established, which perfectly interpret the responsibilities of first-line manager, thus the proficiency in relative technical skills is strongly required (Swatch Group, 2014). The corporation of many departments including marketing department and IT department are required since the head of the departments, also known as middle line managers have to manage what products can be sold via the web hill the first-line manager, mainly the technicians and the salesperson have to ensure the website is updated, operated normally and the proper manner used when communicate with consumers. The top line managers like the CEO have to keep track on the online sales. Furthermore, to ensure that the employees are aware of the worlds change, the Group gives training on technical-know-how, interpersonal skills and acquisition of competencies to their employees (Cowcatchers. Com, 2014). The team leader, no matter which line of managers should show their leader role by understanding what the employees request for and are they being motivated enough. This in turn aids in promoting the esprit De corps principle that builds harmony and a united front within the organization, according to Payolas 1 4 principles (Wren Bedside, 2009). In conclusion, economic and technological are two of the general environments that affect the Groups operation in positive and negative ways. The changes are unavoidable but the ways that the managers embrace and adapt to it determine the smoothness of its operation. Therefore, managers, which are human capital of Swatch Group is one of its key success factors as they dedicates great effort to the Group according to the positions they hold ND the responsibilities they carry.

The eNotes Blog Emersons Encouragement A Letter to the Young WaltWhitman

Emersons Encouragement A Letter to the Young WaltWhitman In 1855, Ralph Waldo Emerson was a literary star and an in-demand lecturer. He accepted dozens of invitations to speak across the country and was so popular that even though his rhetoric often was above the level of comprehension of many of the attendees of his speeches, people came anyway. Once, at a packed hall, a reporter asked a laundress if she was able to follow what Emerson was saying. Not a word, she replied, but I like to go and see him stand up there and look as though he thought everyone was as good as he is. Despite his popularity, it is said that Emerson was not a particularly warm man. He was always  called Mr. Emerson, even by close friends. When a friend counseled the writer that he could be more influential if he could adopt a warmer tone, Emerson curtly replied that he never intended to be a substitute for the kitchen stove. Knowing these things about Emerson, his hectic schedule and his less-than-cuddly personality,   makes his letter to the then unknown young poet Walt Whitman all the more extraordinary.   In his scrawling hand, the entire three-page letter reads as follows:   DEAR SIRI am not blind to the worth of the wonderful gift of LEAVES OF GRASS. I find it the most extraordinary piece of wit and wisdom that America has yet contributed. I am very happy in reading it, as great power makes us happy. It meets the demand I am always making of what seemed the sterile and stingy nature, as if too much handiwork, or too much lymph in the temperament, were making our western wits fat and mean. I give you joy of your free and brave thought. I have great joy in it. I find incomparable things said incomparably well, as they must be. I find the courage of treatment which so delights us, and which large perception only can inspire. I greet you   at the beginning of a great career, which yet must have had a long foreground somewhere, for such a start. I rubbed my eyes a little, to see if this sunbeam were no illusion; but the solid sense of the book is a sober certainty. It has the best merits, namely, of fortifying and encouraging. I did not know until I last night saw the book advertised in newspaper that I could trust the name as real and available for a post-office. I wish to see my benefactor, and have felt much like striking my tasks, and visiting New York to pay you my respects. R.W. EMERSON    The honor of the address was not lost on young Whitman. In the 1856 appendix of  Leaves of Grass,  Whitman composed an open letter to Ralph Waldo Emerson. On the spine of the book, Whitman had Emersons encouraging words embossed: I greet you at the beginning   of a great career. Here,   in part,   is Whitmans letter to his mentor. You can read the entire (very long) letter here: HERE are thirty-two Poems, which I send you, dear Friend and Master, not having found how I could satisfy myself with sending any usual acknowledgment of your letter. The first edition, on which you mailed me that till now unanswered letter, was twelve poems I printed a thousand copies, and they readily sold; these thirty-two Poems I stereotype, to print several thousand copies of. I much enjoy making poems. Other work I have set for myself to do, to meet people and The States face to face, to confront them with an American rude tongue; but the work of my life is making poems. I keep on till I make a hundred, and then several hundred perhaps a thousand. The way is clear to me. A few years, and the average annual call for my Poems is ten or twenty thousand copies more, quite likely. Why should I hurry or compromise? In poems or in speeches I say the word or two that has got to be said, adhere to the body, step with the countless common footsteps, and remind every man and woman of something. Leaves of Grass,  of course, has become one of the most lauded works of American literature but its journey to greatness was a long and complicated one. It went through between six and nine different editions, the final, in 1891, was released just one year before Whitmans death. While Emerson did not live to see Whitmans genius fully celebrated (Emerson died in 1882), he certainly was correct in his assessment of the young writers talent and promise.

Qualifications to Become a Member of the Roman Senate

Qualifications to Become a Member of the Roman Senate In historical fiction members of the Roman Senate or young men who dodge their civic responsibilities but who are senatorial material are rich. Did they have to be? Were there property or other qualifications to become a member of the Roman Senate? The answer to this question is one that I need to repeat more often: Ancient Roman history spanned two millennia and over that time, things changed. Several modern historical fiction mystery writers, like David Wishart, are dealing with the early part of the Imperial Period, known as the Principate. Property Requirements Augustus instituted a property requirement for senators. The sum he set it at was, at first, 400,000 sesterces, but then he raised the requirement to 1,200,000 sesterces. Men who needed help meeting this requirement were at this time given grants. Should they mismanage their funds, they were expected to step down. Prior to Augustus, however, the selection of senators was in the hands of the censors and before the institution of the office of censor, selection was by the people, kings, consuls, or consular tribunes. The senators selected were from the wealthy, and generally from those who had already held a position as magistrate. In the period of the Roman Republic, there were 300 senators, but then Sulla increased their number to 600. Although the tribes selected the original men to fill the added ranks, Sulla increased the magistracies so there would be ex-magistrates in the future to warm the senate benches. Number of Senators When there was a surplus, censors trimmed the excess. Under Julius Caesar and the triumvirs, the number of senators increased, but Augustus brought the number back down to Sullan levels. By the third century A.D. the number may have reached 800-900. Age Requirement Augustus appears to have changed the age at which one could become senator, reducing it from perhaps 32 to 25. Roman Senate References Seating Space in the Roman Senate and the Senatores PedariiLily Ross Taylor and Russell T. ScottTransactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association Vol. 100, (1969), pp. 529-582A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, by Sir William SmithA Summary of the Roman Civil Law, by Patrick Mac Chombaich de Colquhoun

DB3 carminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DB3 carminal justice - Essay Example Smith. As an initial matter, society is turning more and more to alternative treatments for minor drug offenders. As stated in a research study by the U.S. Department of Justice, there are a number of potential types of alternative treatments available, such as residential treatment, intensive outpatient treatment, drug education, pharmacological interventions, community-based therapeutic programs, and relapse prevention programs (Peyton and Gossweiler, 2001: 7). A careful analysis can match Mr. Smith with an alternative treatment program for his particular type of abuse. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence which suggests that therapeutic options might be more relevant to eliminating the underlying behavior which resulted in the drug offense. More particularly, there has been a rather long-standing perception, by the public and by researchers in general, that drug use per se leads to more advanced criminal behaviors. Indeed, much of the drug debate centers on this very premise that recidivism and progressively worse criminal actions are inevitable. The data, however, does not support such an attenuated conclusion; quite the contrary, the research demonstrates that there are similar risk factors for both the abuse of drugs and criminal behavior. In short, incarceration does nothing to deal with Mr. Smith’s underlying risk factors. More specifically, there is a demonstrable impact of substance abuse on criminal behavior that is relevant to incarceration decisions. Such a general statement, however, is of little use without a closer examination of the specific impacts. The types of criminal behaviors that result from substance abuse, for example, tend to be limited and, in many cases, predictable. As an illustration, heroin abuse does lead to financial criminal behaviors; that is, the abusers commit crimes with the specific objective being the financing and re-financing of their heroin habits. A more general

Case Study Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Study Leadership - Essay Example A leader has the responsibility to converse, confer and also influence others to do things. A leader also has to be a role model for others to follow. A leader has to create a benchmark in order to inspire others to follow the footsteps and try and achieve the desired success. The leader also can be a guiding factor or mentor for the entire team to guide them towards a successful outcome which will benefit not only the leader but also the entire organization. The leader has to organize and collaboration and bring together other people in such a way that the goals of the organization are achieved in the best possible way. In the case of Performance Management in Policing, there has been a change in the performance management system as the desired police station was being operated by a centralized performance management system. Inspector Lonsdale is the district officer who is expected to provide the performance report of her district to commissioner twice in a year. The main problem as identified in this case study with regards to leadership is that the officers who are within the Lonsdale’s district have a doubt regarding the new performance system. They have a feeling that the new system is a conjure idea of senior management. This is a problem because officers are not finding the new performance management system as fruitful. They think that it won’t have any serious impact on the success of the organization. In the case of Performance Management in Corrections, Gary Hart leads a team of correctional officers. The main problem identified in this case is with regards to performance management. The leader of the team Gary finds that one of his team members has been engaging himself in poor work performances. This is a problem because such poor performance will influence others if proper measures are not taken by the management.

Riters explore control in The Rivals Essay Example for Free

Riters explore control in The Rivals Essay Although written centuries apart, ‘The Wife Of Bath’ and ‘The Rivals’ both effectively embody the desire for control. By presenting their respective protagonists as sly and deceptive, Sheridan and Chaucer allow their characters to dominate and manipulate both their fellow characters and the audience to their liking. Likewise, the qualities of verbal wit presented among the female protagonists by Chaucer and Sheridan allow these female characters to assert their influence, intellectually and comically. Despite the presence of male patriarchal forces restoring the domineering women to their inferior social status; the constant shift in control amongst the characters permit Sheridan and Chaucer to draw parallels with the changes in their own societies. In particular, the deception demonstrated in the texts enables certain characters to take control over traditional sources of power. With regards to ‘The Wife Of Bath’, although Medieval society condemned women to eternal servitude of their husbands; critic Marsh’s view that the Wife depends upon â€Å"Deceit as a defence against male domination† portrays her as willing to deceive her (dominant) male counterparts in return for self-control. In fact the proud and boastful tone evokes by the Wife in reference to her first three husbands, â€Å"How piteously a-nyght I made hem swynke† emphasises how her manipulative skills during sex have successfully transferred dominance over to the Wife herself , as reiterated by Chaucer’s use of the personal pronoun â€Å"I†. Similarly, Lucy’s lower class status in ‘The Rivals’ does not impede her from taking advantage of her peers, as demonstrated by her cunning tone here, â€Å"Commend me to a mask of silliness, and a pair of eyes for my own interest under it! † In fact, Sheridan, like other contemporary writers, Goldsmith and Foote, wrote ‘The Rivals’ to follow the structure of a Comedy of Manners, whereby a contemporary, sophisticated class was mocked through the medium of a play. Therefore, Lucy’s deception in refusing to disclose the identity of ‘Delia’ to Sir Lucius and accepting bribes, indeed places her in a position of control as Sheridan relies on Lucy to provide the mockery of the seemingly flawless upper classes. Overall, the deceptive skills of Lucy and the Wife provide them with the utmost control over those supposedly superior than themselves. Additionally, the verbal wit of the Wife and Mrs Malaprop allows them to convey their intellect in male-dominated spheres. Mrs Malaprop in ‘The Rivals’ undeniably becomes powerful as a result of her ‘Malapropisms’, that is, her comical verbal errors. The comedic effect of the exclamation marks and bold tone from Mrs Malaprop here, ‘An attack upon my language! Sure if I reprehend anything in this world, it is the use of my†¦nice derangement of epitaphs! ’, conveys how the power she gains over the audience and fellow characters stems from humour. Therefore, critics Loftis’ view that Mrs Malaprop’s ‘Fault arises from intellectual rather than social affectation’ refers directly to Mrs Malaprop’s impact through her language. Although ‘fault’ seems critical of Malaprop, it could also emphasize the humorous and powerful effect her verbal blunders have in the play. Meanwhile, the Wife adopts examples of textual authority to empower her arguments against those who attempt to undermine her, like the Church. Despite Medieval women not receiving an education due to their believed inferiority, the Wife calls on ‘The wise astrologien, Daun Ptholome’ to validate her controversial arguments. This unusual intelligence among Medieval women indisputably places the Wife in a position of superiority over men, notably in her Prologue. Therefore, although verbal wit is used by Mrs Malaprop and the Wife for opposite purposes, the reaction provoked by other characters and the audience enable Sheridan and Chaucer to present these women as very powerful. Despite the dominance of the female characters, Chaucer and Sheridan also convey control via male patriarchy. When recounting Jankyn’s violence, the Wife uses derogatory language to insult Jankyn, ‘O!hastow slayn me, false theef? ’. Although the Wife subsequently gains his sympathy, the notion of her being abused demonstrates how Jankyn, according to Medival custom, controls the Wife and can therefore attack her if he wishes. In fact, according to critic Ellis, through the Wife making Jankyn feel guilty about attacking her; she commits ‘An act little short of symbolic castration’ by obtaining the power a Medieval husband typically held over his wife. However, patriarchy remains dominant in ‘The Rivals’. During a quarrel with Faulkland, the pity gained by Julia from the audience here, ‘It lost you the love of one, who would have followed you in beggary through the world’, reflects how men retain total control in the play as Julia’s emotions have been repressed by Faulkland’s temper. Interestingly, in Sheridan’s era, the notion of Julia breaking off an engagement with Faulkland would have been seen as outrageous by society. In Georgian times, only men were able to dissolve such engagements instead of women; indicating how men remained totally dominant, even as far as ove was concerned. Therefore, while the Wife manages to overcome the limitations of patriarchy; Julia’s inability to control Faulkland represents how the urge to control is often unsuccessful among characters. In conclusion, via an endlessly-shifting dominance between male and female characters; Sheridan and Chaucer effectively encapsulate the complex nature of control. In particular, despite the social restrictions placed on the Wife, her ability to deceive and argue her way into control regardless of opposition represents how her desire for dominance not only ‘drives’ her life; but the progression of the text. Similarly, the dominance obtained by the lower-class Lucy and the repression of the upper-class Julia indeed embodies the comedic elements of ‘The Rivals’, yet symbolises the difficulty of becoming dominant with such gender and social limitations. For this reason, only Lucy and the Wife gain control due to their wise but cunning manipulation of the expectations imposed on them by society and their counterparts in the texts.

Switzerland and the European Union Essays -- switzerland, republic, ca

Officially known as the Swiss Confederation, Switzerland is a federal parliamentary republic comprised of 26 cantons, which represent four languages and a population of just over eight million . Switzerland is well known for its small landmass yet high standard of living, as well as its banking system and adherence to traditional Swiss culture. While the state is autonomous, it is a part of the Schengen Area unlike all EU members, and remains outside of the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA), as it became the sole EFTA member to reject membership by referendum in 1992 . Despite this, Switzerland maintains a staunch economic relationship with members of the EU through a series of bilateral agreements involving trade, free movement of people, agriculture and taxation among others. These provisions between countries provide an increasingly interdependent European continent characterized by trade agreements, free movement of Swiss-EU citizens and a single European market. A recent referendum against mass immigration has passed through Switzerland’s direct democracy by a majority of just 50.3% , effectively nullifying the bilateral agreements that were reached with the EU in 1999. The referendum is binding in Switzerland and requires the Swiss Federal Council to produce legislation within three years of the vote. As a result, officials within the EU have voiced their regrets regarding the outcome of the ballot, and are carefully considering re-evaluating their relations with Switzerland. The issue of Switzerland’s proposed cap on immigration is a very recent matter, and the results of the referendum will likely be a catalyst for changes in EU policies. This paper will examine steps that the European Union cou... ...immigration." Le Temps, September 2011. Ryser, Monique. Bilateral Agreements Switzerland-EU. Edited by Integration Office FDFA/FDEA. Bern, Switzerland: Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA, 2009. Schwok, Renà ©. Switzerland - European Union: An Impossible Membership? Brussels: European Interuniversity Press, 2009. Taylor, Paul, and Richard Mably. "Switzerland Can't Have It Both Ways on Migration: EU's Barroso." Reuters (Brussels), February 12, 2014. Accessed March 2014. http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/12/us-eurozone-summit-switzerland-idUSBREA1B0FG20140212. Telegraph staff and agencies. "France ready to 'roll out the red carpet' for British exit from EU." The Telegraph (England), January 23, 2013. Accessed March 2014. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financialcrisis/9820327/France-ready-to-roll-out-the-red-carpet-for-British-exit-from-EU.html.

A Critique of “Frankenstein

Good v. Evil: Which is Which By: Logan Emlet Frankenstein is a literally fantastic novel, in which a gentle creation, the Monster, is shunned by his creator, Victor Frankenstein, as well as all other humans. The Monster becomes so dejected that he turns murderous and vows to destroy Victor’s life. The book is definitely fiction, as the Monster happens to be eight feet tall and superior to humans in almost every way save looks. Although this is probably the most evident distortion from reality, many others appear although not quite so blatantly. In her novel Frankenstein, Mary Shelly uses symbolism and distortions between the world of the book and the real world to demonstrate the truth of Romantic ideals. According to Webster’s dictionary, symbolism is defined as, â€Å"artistic imitation or invention that is a method of revealing or suggesting immaterial, ideal, or otherwise intangible truth or states. † The dictionary defines distort as, â€Å"to twist out of natural, normal, or original shape or condition,† and as, â€Å"to cause to be perceived unnaturally. While these two words may not always mean the same thing, in the case of this essay, they complement each other to better describe the differences at hand. One of the principle beliefs of the Romantics was that symbolism is the cleanest way to communicate truth. Their literature supports their thought that symbolism has the power to mean many different things simultaneously. In their literature, romantics do not use literary realism, but instead use this symbolism to critique or comment on reality by distorting this reality. One of the things that the Romantics strongly believed and is clearly portrayed in Frankenstein is the evil of the unnatural, and that nature is inherently good. For the Romantics, unnatural meant anything mechanical; hell was unnatural as well, along with evil, and knowledge. The unnaturalness of knowledge is a particularly important part of Frankenstein. Repeating throughout the novel, examples are shown of knowledge that brings suffering to its seekers. What brings the most pain to Victor throughout the novel is the knowledge of how to bring life to a being. This knowledge led to the creation of a creature that destroyed the lives of those around him. Before Victor actually undertook the creation of his creature, he first spent months of study and research in order to discover how to give life. After Victor possessed this knowledge it was human nature for him to test his theory. Like a child who is told not to do something, Victor was compelled to do something considered taboo by the standards of his society, and fulfill his curiosity. This fulfillment brought him untold tragedy and pain. The knowledge of creation directly ruined the rest of his life. Victor actually says, although it is probably more likely Mary Shelly, â€Å"You seek for knowledge and wisdom, as I once did; and I ardently hope that the gratification of your wishes may not be a serpent to sting you, as mine has been. † This quotation fairly screams out the evil that knowledge has wrought upon Victor. In reality, of course, it was impossible to create life back then as it is impossible to complete such a feat today. According to the Romantics, all knowledge is bad, but the knowledge of creation was especially bad because life is supposed to be a very natural thing. The Monster’s this life was manufactured and so not natural, creating almost a double evil. Another piece of evil knowledge shown in this novel is the Monster’s knowledge of human beings and their interactions. The Monster is inquisitive and curious of the others around him. He feels inclined to observe the humans with the hope that some day he will be accepted by them. Yet this interaction is highly unnatural. It would have been far wiser for the Monster to live as a beast in the forest. Unfortunately he sought knowledge and was shunned by human kind as a disgusting lout. Without knowledge of humans, he would never have been tempted to try to live among them and so would never have been feared. The Monster’s inquisitiveness clearly symbolizes the evilness of knowledge; while we don’t actually have creatures like the Monster trying to live with us, we can see how knowledge led to the Monster’s downfall. Yet another discovery that leads to ill ends is the Monster’s knowledge of murder as a way to hurt Victor. The first time the Monster killed someone, it was an accident and he did not even mean to hurt the boy. He reached out to quiet the child and only on accident, strangled the boy. When the Monster observed how distraught this made Victor, he knew he had found a way to seek revenge. If the monster had never killed the boy, then the following pain on Victor’s part and disgust on the part of the Monster, would have never taken place. Now in reality, there are no monstrous creations that try to destroy their creator’s life; this revenge once again symbolizes the evil of knowledge. In the present, humanity has not discovered a way to give the gift of life by any other means than sexual reproduction, we do not actually have an eight foot living corpse walking around in our midst, but we can see how knowledge leads to pain. A case can be made that knowledge in the real world can also lead to sorrow. From the simple knowledge of the death of a loved one, all the way up to something like knowledge that a prophesy that the world will end on 2012 is actually true, we can find much painful knowledge. The past two examples were clearly bad kinds of knowledge, but knowledge that we may think of every day as necessary for happiness, such as travel or a good education can also bring grief. When one travels the world, they are exposed to many sights and experiences that can destabilize their perception of the world and bring them anguish. The story of the Buddha is one such example. Buddha had never been outside the palace he grew up in, and when he did he was immediately assailed by things such as death, disease, old age, and poverty. This traumatized the Buddha enough that he left his wife and child bringing them pain, and him, six years of deprivation. One way the Romantics view of knowledge could be summarized is by the old saying, â€Å"what you don’t know won’t hurt you. † School is supposed to offer a higher state of enlightenment, but many things that are learnt in school subtract from your happiness. Factoids that are learned can discredit a person’s dreams or prove them impossible. One such example is relativity theory; it could be a person’s dream to go back in time to see someone or something they miss, and then they are told that actually, it is impossible to go back in time. Another way the Romantics thought of knowledge could be a second old saying â€Å"ignorance is bliss. † One of the most powerful, and according to the Romantics, most dangerous things about knowledge, is that once gained, one can never rid oneself of it. If the Monster had been able to voluntarily rid himself of the knowledge that humans existed, he probably would have never have been disappointed by their close-mindedness. However, knowledge was not the only thing that the Romantics thought of as unnatural and so essentially evil. Mary Shelly also symbolizes the evil of the unnatural through one of the major characters throughout the book, Victor. Next to Shelly’s clear support of the Romantics view of knowledge as unnatural, Victor supports the Romantic’s criterion of un-natural. The things that were thought to be some of the most unnatural things were: wealth, education, productivity, and overnment. While Victor was not a part of government, he does display every other trait. He was wealthy; he grew up living in a mansion on the shores of Lake Geneva, living in leisure, playing in the Alps, getting the finest education. He was educated; he attended college in another country, and was always searching for knowledge. V ictor was productive; he surpassed all his fellow students at college and made leaps and bounds in his field of study. He is nearly the definition of what the Romantics consider unnatural. The Monster on the other hand could be considered very natural. The Romantics thought of nature as a work of art created from divine imagination, and subject to interpretation. They also thought of the human imagination as the human equivalent of the powers of nature or deity. So very literally, the Monster, nature, was a work of art created from Victor’s divine imagination and subject to the interpretation of the human race. Not only is the Monster the epitome of nature, he is almost the opposite of the Romantic’s definition of unnatural. He was not wealthy, educated, or part of a government. The symbolism here comes directly from Mary Shelly’s own life. When she was writing this book, she was having a bad time. Her sister died and Shelly was angry at God. This translates to a Monster who is angry at his creator, Victor, for leaving him such a bad lot in life. The Monster says â€Å"When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned? † This must have been very similar to what Mary Shelly felt. But unlike some Romantics, Shelly did not feel that God and Nature were the same thing. In fact she felt that they were opposites. God was deity; he was the divine, with the imagination that created nature, and she was the natural that was being stripped of all happiness. The Monster is a distorted version of Mary Shelly herself while Victor is a distortion of God. Through this symbolism, several things can be interpreted. First, Mary Shelly’s own view and unhappiness with God, and secondly romantic ideals such as natural versus unnatural, and nature as a work of art created by divine imagination. As discussed earlier, it seemed that the Monster fulfilled the Romantics definitions of unnatural. His life was created from knowledge that defiled natural life man-made so therefore unnatural. However, there seems to be an awful lot of evidence supporting the Monster as a natural being. He fitted to the definitions of being created by a â€Å"divine† imagination; he was not wealthy or educated. So according to this argument he was a natural being. This direct clash between two seemingly true opposites demonstrates one of the principle Romantic ideals, cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is an immensely complex psychological topic, and is considered a mental problem these days. Boiled down, cognitive dissonance means the holding of two or more contradictory ideas simultaneously. As much as Romantics despised and rejected knowledge, they also embraced it, because it was quintessential to achieving one’s objectives. Romantics believed that myth and legend was not truth, but it communicated truth. And while Romantics believed that nature was the only way to encounter the eternal, they believed that nature is not the truth but rather symbolizes truth. The Romantics even thought of morality as something that changes perpetually. So if an uncertain morality was not too hard to live with, a natural-unnatural monster was definitely not over the heads of the Romantics. Shelly used the monster as a perfect way to symbolize cognitive dissonance. The Romantics also believed that in order to have a truly pleasing and beautiful exposure, one must first experience robust emotions such as awe, horror, and trepidation. The novel Frankenstein presents all of these emotions and displays the uncontrollable wildness of rage, pain, and suffering, the novel is a truly enjoyable and thought provoking book. The present, whenever the time of reference, can be confusing and can create uncertainties to what may actually be happening. Some people believe that saying it exactly how it is is the most helpful way to clear things up. The Romantics and many others besides thought that symbolism was a much more successful way. Frankenstein exemplifies how distortion, when used properly, can distort reality into an exaggerated unreality, that however different, succeeds in pointing out the views of a group or individual.

Neolithic Revolution Essay

The Neolithic Revolution was a fundamental change in the way people lived. The shift from hunting & gathering to agriculture led to permanent settlements, the establishment of social classes, and the eventual rise of civilizations. It was a revolution of achieving social and technological advances, while economic, political, and social changes resulted from the rise of cities, allowing the ability to support an increasingly large population. Therefore, the Neolithic Revolution led to the seven traits of civilization. Prior to the Neolithic Revolution’s transformations, people were forced to hunt for their own food. This resulted in humans following their food sources’ trail, whether it be hunting an animal, or essential natural resources. Because of the fact that people were constantly shifting from area to area based on their food, this labeled them as nomads; people who did not have a permanent home or residence. Due to the lack of food, there was a small population. Then, gradually, the Neolithic Revolution began to take place at different times and different places, a time period where humans shifted from gathering and hunting food to producing it. People began domesticating animals to provide food, as well as plants and crops, which varied depending on climate. As a result of domestication, agriculture began to take form. Agriculture is the farming of animals and plants, which made life easier and enabled people to remain in the same place. These were some of the building block s for civilization that took place during the Neolithic Revolution. Agriculture led to villages because farming encouraged the formation of larger and more stable communities than had existed before Neolithic times. Most hunting humans moved in small groups containing no more than 60 individuals who could not settle in a single spot lest the game run out. With settled agriculture the constraints changed. Communities developed around the cleared and improved fields. Now that food was plentiful and able to be harvested, population strongly increased. With more people and a lack  of diverse jobs, specialization of labor was developed when men and women became artisans, growing increasingly productive and creative. This occurred since farmers grew all the food, and not everyone had to be a farmer. Gradually, humans became innovative and improved quality and numbers of their products. People were slowly yet steadily continuing to progress towards the seven traits of civilization. Specialization of labor began to then lead to the seven traits of civilization. As villages evolved into cities and became more complex, many new jobs developed. For instance, officials gathered taxes, engineers planned irrigation systems, and soldiers defended city walls, resulting in government and military. As life in cities grew increasingly complex, people began to keep permanent records and developed writing. Other humans became skilled artisans who devoted their time to crafts such as baskets, metalwork, or pottery, while others built large public works such as temples or buildings. This was the development of art and architecture. Religion then resulted from things people could not explain, with early civilizations which had formal religious institutions that included ceremonies, rituals, and other forms of worship. As urban societies developed institutions and specialized labor, a social order developed based on people’s occupations, wealth, and influence. Due to their experience with agriculture, humans of the Neolithic Revolution then improved their farming systems and advanced their personal resources to be more productive. As shown, all of the seven traits were a result of the Neolithic Revolution, and led to civilization. The Neolithic Revolution caused the seven traits to take effect. If it weren’t for those traits, we may still be undeveloped nomads today. Having taken a huge step towards modern society, the early humans who lived during the Neolithic Revolution were hard at work in learning how to start a civilization. They have given up their nomadic days and discovered the advantages to settling down in one area. No longer were lives at risk every day. The Neolithic Revolution was the first step in building a modern society where humans can live in peace and not worry about betting on their lives for days’ worth of food and finally able to rest their minds without worry. The Neolithic Revolution was a crucial part of human history and  without it, we would not have civilization.

Neuroscience

Neuroscience Neuroscience Assignment Points to consider: The cochlear organ is a distinct entity, which like other sensory receptors, functions to transduce information from the environment into an electrical impulse in the sensory nerve with which it is associated. Subsequently the sensory nerve conveys this information to the central nervous system so that one can become aware of the sensation and respond accordingly. The cochlear implant is used to restore the transduction capabilities of the cochlea when the hair cells which perform this function are irreversibly lost, and relies on the survival of the auditory neurons which make up the sensory nerve, as well as successful orientation of the electrodes implanted with those neurons. Lack of activity in a damaged cochlea leads to degeneration of its nerve supply, the degree of which impacts on the success of the replacement receptor.*hearing (p.590-) W4L4 The spinal cord, as a component of the central nervous system, consists of millions of neu rons, which at any given level may be travelling longitudinally to or from the brain or other spinal cord segments, more or less horizontally to convey information to other neurons in the same transverse plane, entering the spinal cord with sensory information, or leaving the cord to perform motor functions.Individual nerve cells receive multiple inputs and integrate information from various sources before carrying the electrical signal to the next neuron in the circuit, which will similarly have many inputs. The complexity of these connections would unlikely be replicable by an electronic device.Organisation *outline of sensory, motor organization (Ch. 18) *spatial organization (p.667) W2L2,3 Intrinsic Properties *pattern generators and necessary inputs from higher centres (p.742-) W2L4 Motor and Sensory Networks *motor control: motor neurons, local interneurons, brain stem and cortical descending pathways, propriospinal neurons (p.667-) W2L3 *spinal reflexes involve coordinated co ntraction of numerous muscles in the limbs (p.716-, 663) W2L3 *interdependence of systems, e.g...

Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal, and the Trail of Tears

Andrew Jackson, Indian Removal, and the Trail of Tears The Indian Removal policy of President Andrew Jackson was prompted by the desire of white settlers in the South to expand into lands belonging to five Indian tribes. After Jackson succeeded in pushing the Indian Removal Act through Congress in 1830, the U.S. government spent nearly 30 years forcing Indians to move westward, beyond the Mississippi River. In the most notorious example of this policy, more than 15,000 members of the Cherokee tribe were forced to walk from their homes in the southern states to designated Indian Territory in present-day Oklahoma in 1838. Many died along the way. This forced relocation became known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears† because of the great hardship faced by Cherokees. In brutal conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokees died on the Trail of Tears. Conflicts With Settlers Led to Indian Removal There had been conflicts between whites and Native Americans since the first white settlers arrived in North America. But in the early 1800s, the issue had come down to white settlers encroaching on Indian lands in the southern United States. Five Indian tribes were located on land that would be highly sought for settlement, especially as it was prime land for the cultivation of cotton. The tribes on the land were the Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. Over time the tribes in the south tended to adopt white ways such as taking up farming in the tradition of white settlers  and in some cases even buying and owning African American slaves. These efforts at assimilation led to the tribes becoming known as the â€Å"Five Civilized Tribes.† Yet taking up the ways of the white settlers did not mean the Indians would be able to keep their lands. In fact, settlers hungry for land were actually dismayed to see Indians, contrary to all the propaganda about them being savages, adopt the farming practices of the white Americans. The Attitude of Andrew Jackson Toward Indians The accelerated desire to relocate Indians to the West was a consequence of the election of Andrew Jackson in 1828. Jackson had a long and complicated history with Indians, having grown up in frontier settlements where stories of Indian attacks were common. At various times in his early military career, Jackson had been allied with Indian tribes  but had also waged brutal campaigns against Indians. His attitude toward Native Americans was not unusual for the times, though by today’s standards he would be considered a racist as he believed Indians to be inferior to whites. One way to view Jackson’s attitude toward Indians was that he was paternalistic, believing the Indians to be like children who needed guidance. And by that way of thinking, Jackson may well have believed that forcing the Indians to move hundreds of miles westward may have been for their own good, as they would never fit in with white society. Of course, the Indians, not to mention sympathetic white people ranging from religious figures in the North to the backwoods hero turned Congressman Davy Crockett, saw things quite differently. To this day Andrew Jacksons legacy is often tied to his attitudes toward Native Americans. According to an article in the Detroit Free Press in 2016, many Cherokees, to this day, will not use $20 bills because they bear the likeness of Jackson. Cherokee Leader John Ross Fought Against Indian Removal Policies The political leader of the Cherokee tribe, John Ross, was the son of a Scottish father and a Cherokee mother. He was destined for a career as a merchant, as his father had been, but became involved in tribal politics and in 1828 Ross was elected the tribal chief of the Cherokee. In 1830, Ross and the Cherokee took the audacious step of trying to retain their lands by filing suit against the state of Georgia. The case eventually went to the U.S. Supreme Court, and Chief Justice John Marshall, while avoiding the central issue, ruled that the states could not assert control over the Indian tribes. According to legend, President Jackson scoffed, saying, â€Å"John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it. And no matter what the Supreme Court ruled, the Cherokees did face serious obstacles. Vigilante groups in Georgia attacked them, and John Ross was nearly killed in one attack. Indian Tribes Were Forcibly Removed In the 1820s, the Chickasaws, under pressure, began moving westward. The U.S. Army began forcing the Choctaws to move in 1831. The French author Alexis de Tocqueville, on his landmark trip to America, witnessed a party of Choctaws struggling to cross the Mississippi with great hardship in the dead of winter. The leaders of the Creeks were imprisoned in 1837, and 15,000 Creeks were forced to move westward. The Seminoles, based in Florida, managed to fight a long war against the U.S. Army until they finally moved westward in 1857. The Cherokees Were Forced to Move Westward Along the Trail of Tears Despite legal victories by the Cherokees, the United States government began to force the tribe to move west, to present-day Oklahoma, in 1838. A considerable force of the U.S. Army more than 7,000 men was ordered by President Martin Van Buren, who followed Jackson in office, to remove the Cherokees. General Winfield Scott commanded the operation, which became notorious for the cruelty shown to the Cherokee people. Soldiers in the operation later expressed regret for what they had been ordered to do. Cherokees were rounded up in camps and farms which had been in their families for generations were awarded to white settlers. The forced march of more than 15,000 Cherokees began in late 1838. And in the cold winter ​conditions, nearly 4,000 Cherokee died while trying to walk the 1,000 miles to the land where they had been ordered to live. The forced relocation of the Cherokee thus became known as the â€Å"Trail of Tears.†

Answer 6 question about Japanese Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Answer 6 question about Japanese Economy - Essay Example On the contrary, the American society has yet not adopted anime as a popular medium of advertisement, and advertisements made in America ensure they are not used in advertisements. A2. In the current era, Japan is known for its holistic views regarding product development. The Japanese way of product development consists of six items that makes it different from other economies. These six items include the factor of built in stability, self-organization of project teams, the concept of multi learning, management of subtle control, fostering a culture of organizational transfer of learning, and finally overlapping development phases. A4. One thing everyone knows of who has been to Japan is the high use of vending machines. There are many reasons for the abundance of vending machines within Japan; however, for the purpose of this essay we will shed light at a few important ones. To start off Japan is cash based economy, and unlike other countries cash based transactions are a norm in Japan. This makes buying from vending machines much easier and comfortable for people rather than having to particularly buy from a store which charges cards. Secondly, Japan is a relatively safe country with significantly low crime rates. This makes tampering vending machines less likely, and therefore highlights the possibility of boosting sales through vending machines practically anywhere. Most importantly what needs to be noticed here is that the Japanese people prefer walking long distance rather than taking cars, therefore this helps companies to boost their revenue by placing vending machines at various places so they can be used by passerby’s to purchase things as they walk. A6. Japan is one of the top economies of the world. However, despite this fact the country finds it significantly hard to attract talent across the globe. While there are many reasons for this problem, the bulk of these

Physical Training In The Workplace Research Paper

Physical Training In The Workplace - Research Paper Example This proposal describes the issues that ABC Corporation is facing regarding its employees health conditions, because of which a number of malfunctions are noticed in the operational capacity of the business. Moreover, ABC Corporation is paying a significant amount of its revenues to the insurance company, in the form of premium for its employees’ health insurance. Employees are also complaining about the boredom they are experiencing at the workplace. The proposal consists of background of the problem defining the issues that lead to adoption of a suitable employee wellness program, the theoretical evidences for the proposed program and a set of recommendations regarding program design and how to implement it so that the desired objectives can be achieved efficiently. Contents Executive Summary 2 1.Background 4 2.Theoretical Grounds 6 3.Introduction to the Organization 7 4.Identifying the Issue 8 Memo 9 Reference List 12 1. Background â€Å"The doctor of the future will give no medicines, but will interest his patients in the care of the human frame, in diet, and in the causes and prevention of disease† (Adison, 1900) Providing a remedy to a disease with the help of medicines is easy but costly, at the same time, leaves medicine’s harmful effects on the human body. For this reason, rectifying the physical lacking and deficiencies from an individual’s health condition with the help of physical activities is beneficial as compare to the usage of medicines (DeVries, 2010). Any activity introduced by organizations’ managers and owner to improve the health conditions of the employees is known as Workplace Wellness Program. Business in the modern world design and implement policies and regulations that compel workers of that organization to adopt healthy behaviors at their designated work station, which consequently results in higher productivity level. Organizational and industrial experts suggest that organizations should implemen t processes within its functional capacities that enable the employees to get hold of and maintain control over their health conditions. For this reason, business implement a number of physical exercise activities in the name of â€Å"Corporate Wellbeing† such as Behavior Change Communication to Improve Health landscape, health related events and seminars, medical scrutiny of the employees on time to time basis, physical training, weight reduction programs, health notices or fitness facilities within the premises of the business (DeVries, 2010). Workplace Wellness programs introduced by an organization would include giving flexible timing to the employees for physical exercise, providing employees with healthy food menu and help them to develop healthy eating habits, conducting â€Å"walk and talk† meetings with the employees and offering a number of financial incentives and aide to the employees so as to motivate them to participate in wellness programs. With the emer gence of globalization on the business horizon, organizations now need to engage employees into physical activities on a more rigorous scale, to maintain their health conditions. This activity results in keeping employees physically fit and increase their ability to counter the new challenges emerging every other day (DeVries, 2010).

Article critique assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique assignment - Article Example As Dr. Kedisaletse said â€Å"Sexual reproductive health is important for young people.†(Focus, 2007) For the erotic still arouses acute moral anxiety and confusion among youngsters. The strong emotion aroused enables one to enter the world of sexuality. This scenario produces the question of how many youngsters are aware and ready or rather physically and mentally prepared to accept the after effects. This is a vital issue which is addressed for once teenagers are aware of the consequences I feel one can deal with the issue on abortions then. An important aspect that Dr. Kedisaletse makes is that this education in teenage pregnancy is not only for the youngsters but also for the ‘health workers and youth development practitioners’ for ultimately they are the individuals who interact with teenagers and unless and until they are forceful in their interaction and provide all the necessary facts only then would teenagers understand reality and in a way abortions can be controlled. To begin with what are teenage pregnancies? Teenage pregnancy, by definition, refers to pregnancy in a woman under the age of 20. (Focus, 2007) The general framework would be younger the woman better would be their productive organs and motherhood becomes uncomplicated and more agile. So early marriages are more common or illegal sex is the causes for teenage pregnancies. Education about the negative aspects is vital for many are ignorant about the physical effects wherein the ‘severity of gestational protein uric hypertension’ combined with cephalopelvic disproportion which may result in failed labor. And here again depending on superstitions many would blame the woman for failure in pregnancy or in labor. Economic effects wherein most teenagers are financially dependent on their parents and this becomes unpleasant. Further financial insecurity finds the mother undergoing trauma which in turn affects the child within. Teenage pregnancy is a

New Zealands Foreign Policy Analysis

New Zealands Foreign Policy Analysis Aaron Lloyd Over the last thirty years the economic rise of China has contributed to a worldwide shift in power. Discussing the current state of New Zealand’s relationship with both China and the United States of America (USA), this essay will outline likely future foreign policy choices. Authors such as Mosher and Krauthammer see the rise of China as a threat to the West that must be contained, a view which is not widely accepted. With reference to New Zealand’s recent economic and strategic success this essay will suggest that future foreign policy must work to deepen relations with both countries. New Zealand must not choose between China nor the USA, instead a broad based approach to trade and international relations should be maintained. In 2008 New Zealand was the first of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries to sign a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with China.[1] As a result China has overtaken the USA as our second largest trading partner, with exports increasing from NZ$2.3 billion in 2008 to NZ$6.7 billion in 2012.[2] In 2010 New Zealand set the goal of doubling two way trade with China by 2015, a goal which was achieved a full year earlier.[3] Speaking to the New Zealand Institute of International Affairs (NZIIA) in 2010 John Key described New Zealand China relations as â€Å"unquestionably and unashamedly an economic relationship†.[4] Without pausing the New Zealand and Chinese governments have been quick to capitalize on this recent economic success. The goal is now to further increase two way trade to NZ$30 billion by 2020.[5] On economic terms at least New Zealand’s relationship with China can be considered excellent. However, casting the net beyond economic measur es there are aspects of the relationship that remain sensitive to the New Zealand public. Whilst New Zealand has enjoyed an economically successful relationship with China, that success has not been as widely reciprocated in other areas of society. In 2012 Shanghai Pengxin – a Chinese firm – attempted to purchase dairy farms previously owned by New Zealand firm Crafar Farms.[6] The event caused an intense debate within New Zealand, to such an extent that the sale was subject to court order blocking the bid before it was eventually approved four months later.[7] Despite several years of significant economic involvement, defence engagement over the same period has been categorized as modest.[8] Reciprocal ship visits between the Chinese and New Zealand Navy have only been occurring since 2013.[9] This highlights a contrasting picture of New Zealand and Chinese relations. On the one hand a strong economic relationship, yet on the other a cultural and security relationship that is still in its infancy. This is in sharp contrast to New Zealand’s recent re- engagement with the USA. In the last decade New Zealand’s relationship with the USA has improved significantly. In the 1980’s defence and security ties with the USA were frozen following disputes over nuclear ship visits to New Zealand.[10] In the following twelve years military involvement was minimal with only limited intelligence sharing.[11] New Zealand’s profile in the last decade – characterised by difficult military involvement in Afghanistan – has been conducive to warmer relations with Washington.[12] In addition to New Zealand’s proactive involvement in Afghanistan and the Pacific region, the rise of China has given the USA more impetus to strengthen relations with traditional pacific based allies.[13] New Zealand’s anti-nuclear policy of 1987 remains in force, however both countries now agree this is a part of history and not limiting to future relations.[14] As a result New Zealand has resumed full intelligence sharing and combined military exercis es are again in occurrence. New Zealand Naval ships are once again permitted into USA ports and New Zealand is now in attendance at USA lead exercises such as the Rim of the Pacific Exercise (RIMPAC).[15] These improving trends lead former USA Secretary of State Hillary Clinton to refer to New Zealand-USA relations as â€Å"the strongest and most productive in 25 years†.[16] Political, diplomatic and defence relations have thus improved significantly since the 1980’s. These improvements, whilst significant in terms regional security and co-operation have not translated into broader economic advancement for New Zealand. Despite the significant advancement of the Chinese economy, the USA economy still remains strong. The USA is New Zealand’s third largest trade partner and for over a decade a free trade agreement has been sought.[17] A large focus of current trade negotiation is focused on the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP). This is a twelve nation regional free trade agreement – which includes New Zealand and the USA – reported as bringing New Zealand up to US$4.1 billion in increased exports by 2025[18]. According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade the TPP agreement is in its final stages, however these negotiations have been ongoing since 2008.[19] USA concern over intellectual property rights is cited as a reason for negotiation delay.[20] Whilst New Zealand enjoys a healthy economic relationship with the USA, long lasting trade negotiations are stalling future economic potential. Relations with China and the USA are thus contrasting. On the one hand New Zealand en joys an economic advantage from China, and on the other improved strategic and military ties with the USA. Future foreign policy must seek to maximise both. Based on the current relationship trends future policy directions can be surmised. New Zealand will wish to continue and build on the success of the economic relationship with China. In pursuing this advancement the issue of trade dependency has been raised. This is with reference to the historical context when New Zealand was largely dependent on trade with the United Kingdom. Risk diversification has therefore been highlighted as a key theme for contemporary trade policies. The TPP for example, involves many different countries and is seen as a way of spreading the risk to guard against potential future economic difficulties.[21] There is widespread agreement that future relations with China should not just be based on trade with little else. Powles for example believes that to truly capitalize on the economic relationship a greater depth of understanding of Chinese culture will be required in order to progress[22]. This is needed because New Zealand does not share the commonalitie s in history and language that it does with traditional Anglosphere partners. In the past this commonality has given New Zealand a greater voice and understanding despite our relative size and geographic isolation.[23] As the influence of Asia increases in the world, future policy decisions will thus require a greater depth of cultural and historical understanding. In achieving a deeper relationship with China, New Zealand must not jeopardise wider relationships with traditional or emerging partnerships. Outside of relations with the USA and China, New Zealand enjoys significant economic and diplomatic relations with many other countries. With Australia for example, New Zealand has spent considerable effort enhancing diplomatic relations. Closer Economic Relations (CER) which were both agreed between New Zealand and Australia in the early 1980’s, are an important example of this effort.[24] Australia remains New Zealand’s largest export market.[25] New Zealand has also succeeded in implementing free trade agreements with Hong Kong and Malaysia.[26] In the future these and other relationships will remain necessary in order to improve trade and maintain strategic balance.[27] While current and future foreign policy will work to strengthen relations with both the USA and China, it not must be at the expense of emerging or other traditional relations. New Zealand enjoys a wide range of international relations as a result of its independent foreign policy. Consensus is that relations with either China or the USA are likely to be strained if New Zealand loses objectivity and in the future New Zealand must continue to be seen as a friend to both but not aligned either.[28] New Zealand’s anti-nuclear stance saw John Key invited President Barrack Obama’s nuclear security summit in Washington recognition of New Zealand’s ability to maintain its independent voice against larger powers.[29] As the influence of China rises in our area, it is important for New Zealand to maintain an independent approach and ensure our own traditions remain intact.[30] This essay has discussed the current state of New Zealand’s relationship with both the USA and China, focusing specifically on recent economic and diplomatic relations. Examining in particular the strength of New Zealand’s recent economic success with China, it has been proven that New Zealand will wish this economic advancement to continue. Previous lessons of economic dependence have been learned and future trade policies will seek a wide base. New Zealand’s economic relationship with the USA – whilst surpassed by China – still remains significant and has many potential benefits in the years ahead. Diplomatic and military relations with the USA have largely become normalised again, whilst similar engagements with China are merely just beginning. A lack of cultural and historical understanding of China – compared to that of traditional Anglosphere partners – hampers contemporary involvement. Overall, it is evident that future foreign policy will want to capitalize on the successful aspects of both relations, but not at the expense of other traditional and emerging partners. BIBLIOGRAPHY Australia, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 12 February 2015. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Australia/Australia.php Ayson, Robert. Choosing Ahead of Time? Australia, New Zealand and the US-China Contest in Asia. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International Strategic Affairs 34, no. 3 (2012): 338-364. DOI: 10.1355/cs34-3b. Brady, Anne-Marie. â€Å"New Zealand-China Relations: Common points and Differences† New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (2008) 1-20. http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec08/2_Brady_3.pdf China Export, New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, accessed: 07 February 2015 https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/export-markets/greater-china/china/ Elder, Chris and Ayson, Robert, â€Å"China’s Rise and New Zealand’s Interests: A policy primer for 2030†, Centre for Strategic Studies Discussion Paper, No. 11 (2012). http://www.victoria.ac.nz/hppi/centres/strategic-studies/documents/DP11-12-Chinas-rise-and-NZs-interestsONLINE.pdf. Groser, Tim. Trading with China: A Success Story. New Zealand International Review 39, no. 5 (2014): 7-11. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=98383845site=eds-livescope=site. Jacobi, Stephen. â€Å"Turning dreams into reality† New Zealand International Review 36, no. 5 (2011): 17-20. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=65270856site=eds-livescope=site. Key, John. â€Å"New Zealand in the world† New Zealand International Review 35, no.6 (2010): 2-7. http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/documentSummary;dn=536854149505279;res=IELHSS Key, John â€Å"Finding a way in a changing world† New Zealand International Review 37, no. 5 (2012): 10-13. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=79701425site=eds-livescope=site. Lanteigne, Marc. Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction. 2nd ed. London and New York: Routledge, 2013. Map, Wayne. The New Zealand Paradox, Adjusting to the change in balance of power in the Asia Pacific over the next 20 years, CSIS, (Centre for Strategic and International Studies), May 2014 http://reader.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/(S(bjax1qdqmpglrgfmabxmblf5))/Reader.aspx?p=1687311o=76u=KGjZ3dJ3A9U3Dg/rttWjiw==t=1423524409h=464DE919F23875D4E7DEC547BE6938BB1CFF342Cs=16970573ut=173pg=1r=imgc=-1pat=ncms=-1sd=1# McKinnon, John. â€Å"New Zealand between America and China† New Zealand International Review 38, no. 6 (2013): 8-12. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=91978148site=eds-livescope=site. New Zealand-Australia Closer Economic Relations, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 12 February 2015. http://mfat.govt.nz/Trade-and-Economic-Relations/2-Trade-Relationships-and-Agreements/Australia/index.php Powles, Michael. â€Å"China and New Zealand at forty: what next?† New Zealand International Review 37, no. 6 (2012): 2-4. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=83342048site=eds-livescope=site. Sinclair, Paul, â€Å"New Zealand Expands Defence Ties With China – strategic discussion paper† Centre for Strategic Studies Last modified 24 July 2014. http://www.victoria.ac.nz/hppi/centres/strategic-studies/documents/18_New-Zealand-Expands-Defence-Ties-with-China.pdf. Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 10 February 2015. http://mfat.govt.nz/Trade-and-Economic-Relations/2-Trade-Relationships-and-Agreements/Trans-Pacific/index.php United States of America, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 10 February 2015. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/North-America/United-States.php 1 [1] Marc Lanteigne, Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction, 2nd ed. (London and New York: Routledge, 2013), 160-161. [2] â€Å"China Export†, New Zealand Trade and Enterprise, accessed: 07 February 2015 https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/export/export-markets/greater-china/china/ [3] Tim Groser. Trading with China: A Success Story. New Zealand International Review 39, no. 5 (2014): 7. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=98383845site=eds-livescope=site [4] John Key. â€Å"New Zealand in the world† New Zealand International Review 35, no.6 (2010): 3. http://search.informit.com.au.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/documentSummary;dn=536854149505279;res=IELHSS [5] Groser, â€Å"Trading with China: A Success Story,† 7. [6] Lanteigne, Chinese Foreign Policy: An Introduction, 160. [7] Ibid, 161. [8] John McKinnon. â€Å"New Zealand between America and China† New Zealand International Review 38, no. 6 (2013): 11. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=91978148site=eds-livescope=site. [9] Paul Sinclair, â€Å"New Zealand Expands Defence Ties With China – strategic discussion paper† Centre for Strategic Studies Last modified 24 July 2014. 1. http://www.victoria.ac.nz/hppi/centres/strategic-studies/documents/18_New-Zealand-Expands-Defence-Ties-with-China.pdf. [10] Robert Ayson. Choosing Ahead of Time? Australia, New Zealand and the US-China Contest in Asia. Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International Strategic Affairs 34, no. 3 (2012): 343-44. DOI: 10.1355/cs34-3b. [11] Wayne Map, The New Zealand Paradox, Adjusting to the change in balance of power in the Asia Pacific over the next 20 years, CSIS, (Centre for Strategic and International Studies), May 2014 http://reader.eblib.com.au.ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/(S(bjax1qdqmpglrgfmabxmblf5))/Reader.aspx?p=1687311o=76u=KGjZ3dJ3A9U3Dg/rttWjiw==t=1423524409h=464DE919F23875D4E7DEC547BE6938BB1CFF342Cs=16970573ut=173pg=1r=imgc=-1pat=ncms=-1sd=1# [12] Ayson, Choosing Ahead of Time? Australia, New Zealand and the US-China Contest in Asia, 344. [13] Ibid. [14] Ayson, Choosing Ahead of Time? Australia, New Zealand and the US-China Contest in Asia, 347. [15] Ibid, 346. [16] Hillary Clinton quoted in Stephen Jacobi â€Å"Turning dreams into reality† New Zealand International Review 36, no. 5 (2011): 17. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=65270856site=eds-livescope=site. [17] â€Å"United States of America†, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 10 February 2015. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/North-America/United-States.php [18] â€Å"Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations†, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 10 February 2015. http://mfat.govt.nz/Trade-and-Economic-Relations/2-Trade-Relationships-and-Agreements/Trans-Pacific/index.php [19] Ibid. [20] John Key, â€Å"Finding a way in a changing world† New Zealand International Review 37, no. 5 (2012): 12. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=79701425site=eds-livescope=site. [21] Groser, â€Å"Trading with China: A Success Story,† 11. [22] Michael Powles . â€Å"China and New Zealand at forty: what next?† New Zealand International Review 37, no. 6 (2012): 2. http://ezproxy.massey.ac.nz/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=anhAN=83342048site=eds-livescope=site. [23] Ibid. [24] â€Å"New Zealand-Australia Closer Economic Relations†, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 12 February 2015. http://mfat.govt.nz/Trade-and-Economic-Relations/2-Trade-Relationships-and-Agreements/Australia/index.php [25] â€Å"Australia†, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, accessed: 12 February 2015. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Australia/Australia.php [26] Key, â€Å"New Zealand in the world† 3. [27] Chris Elder and Robert Ayson, â€Å"China’s Rise and New Zealand’s Interests: A policy primer for 2030†, Centre for Strategic Studies Discussion Paper, No. 11 (2012). 21. http://www.victoria.ac.nz/hppi/centres/strategic-studies/documents/DP11-12-Chinas-rise-and-NZs-interestsONLINE.pdf. [28] Powles, â€Å"China and New Zealand at forty: what next? 2. [29] Jacobi. â€Å"Turning dreams into reality†: 18. [30] Anne-Marie Brady, â€Å"New Zealand-China Relations: Common points and Differences† New Zealand Journal of Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (2008) 19. http://www.nzasia.org.nz/downloads/NZJAS-Dec08/2_Brady_3.pdf